Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of many connective tissues, including cartilage, bone, skin, ligaments and tendons. It reduces the IL-1β-induced nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB) translocation in chondrocytes in vitro.
Astragaloside A (Astragaloside IV) is the primary pure saponin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, which has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Rhein (Monorhein NSC 38629 Rheic acid Rheinic acid) is an anthraquinone compound enriched in the fresh rhizome of Rheum coreanum Nakai, showing anti-inflammation and antitumor activities.